Addresses failures with the following, in some files:
-Wshorten-64-to-32
-Wimplicit-int-conversion
-Wsign-compare
-Wsign-conversion
-Wtautological-unsigned-zero-compare

(This specific CL focuses on .cc files in strings/internal/.)

Bug: chromium:1292951
PiperOrigin-RevId: 468215101
Change-Id: I07fa487bcf2cf62d403489c3be7a5997cdef8987