This fixes a bug introduced in b68959e8
when passing in a two-dimensional, but conformable, array as the value
for a compile-time Eigen vector (such as VectorXd or RowVectorXd).  The
commit switched to using numpy to copy into the eigen data, but this
broke the described case because numpy refuses to broadcast a (N,1)
into a (N).

This commit fixes it by squeezing the input array whenever the output
array is 1-dimensional, which will let the problematic case through.
(This shouldn't squeeze inappropriately as dimension compatibility is
already checked for conformability before getting to the copy code).

When using `method_adaptor` (usually implicitly via a `cl.def("f",
&D::f)`) a compilation failure results if `f` is actually a method of
an inaccessible base class made public via `using`, such as:

    class B { public: void f() {} };
    class D : private B { public: using B::f; };

pybind deduces `&D::f` as a `B` member function pointer.  Since the base
class is inaccessible, the cast in `method_adaptor` from a base class
member function pointer to derived class member function pointer isn't
valid, and a cast failure results.

This was sort of a regression in 2.2, which introduced `method_adaptor`
to do the expected thing when the base class *is* accessible.  It wasn't
actually something that *worked* in 2.1, though: you wouldn't get a
compile-time failure, but the method was not callable (because the `D *`
couldn't be cast to a `B *` because of the access restriction).  As a
result, you'd simply get a run-time failure if you ever tried to call
the function (this is what #855 fixed).

Thus the change in 2.2 essentially promoted a run-time failure to a
compile-time failure, so isn't really a regression.

This commit simply adds a `static_assert` with an accessible-base-class
check so that, rather than just a cryptic cast failure, you get
something more informative (along with a suggestion for a workaround).

The workaround is to use a lambda, e.g.:

    class Derived : private Base {
    public:
        using Base::f;
    };

    // In binding code:
    //cl.def("f", &Derived::f); // fails: &Derived::f is actually a base
                                // class member function pointer
    cl.def("f", [](Derived &self) { return self.f(); });

This is a bit of a nuissance (especially if there are a bunch of
arguments to forward), but I don't really see another solution.

Fixes #1124

This changes the caster to return a reference to a (new) local `CharT`
type caster member so that binding lvalue-reference char arguments
works (currently it results in a compilation failure).

Fixes #1116

* Upgrades to latest stable Xcode (9)

* Fixes build error in the OS X/Python 3 build.

Fixes #1117

This also matches the Eigen example for the row-major case.

This also enhances one of the tests to trigger a failure (and fixes it in the PR).  (This isn't really a flaw in pybind itself, but rather fixes wrong code in the test code and docs).

The entire test file is already marked as requiring numpy; it isn't
needed on the individual test.

`PyArray_DescrConverter_` doesn't steal a reference to the argument,
and so the passed arguments shouldn't be `.release()`d.

`type_descr` is now applied only to the final signature so that it only
marks the argument types, but not nested types (e.g. for tuples) or
return types.

MSCV does not allow `&typeid(T)` in constexpr contexts, but the string
part of the type signature can still be constexpr. In order to avoid
`typeid` as long as possible, `descr` is modified to collect type
information as template parameters instead of constexpr `typeid`.
The actual `std::type_info` pointers are only collected in the end,
as a `constexpr` (gcc/clang) or regular (MSVC) function call.

Not only does it significantly reduce binary size on MSVC, gcc/clang
benefit a little bit as well, since they can skip some intermediate
`std::type_info*` arrays.

The current C++14 constexpr signatures don't require relaxed constexpr,
but only `auto` return type deduction. To get around this in C++11,
the type caster's `name()` static member functions are turned into
`static constexpr auto` variables.

When Travis changes their default Python 3.x, it breaks any hardcoded
version selection. Fix: make pyenv activate everything (2.7, 3.x) and
use whichever Python 3.x is on by default.

[skip appveyor]

* Expand documentation to include explicit example of py::module::import 
  where one would expect it.

* Describe how to use unbound and bound methods to class Python classes.

[skip ci]

E.g. trying to convert a `list` to a `std::vector<int>` without
including <pybind11/stl.h> will now raise an error with a note that
suggests checking the headers.

The note is only appended if `std::` is found in the function
signature. This should only be the case when a header is missing.
E.g. when stl.h is included, the signature would contain `List[int]`
instead of `std::vector<int>` while using stl_bind.h would produce
something like `MyVector`. Similarly for `std::map`/`Dict`, `complex`,
`std::function`/`Callable`, etc.

There's a possibility for false positives, but it's pretty low.

Fixes #1069.

Fixes #1075.

`PyNumber_Float()` and `PyNumber_Long()` return new references.

To avoid an ODR violation in the test suite while testing
both `stl.h` and `std_bind.h` with `std::vector<bool>`,
the `py::bind_vector<std::vector<bool>>` test is moved to
the secondary module (which does not include `stl.h`).

[skip appveyor]

This runs the most basic tests first and avoids waiting until the very
end for style checks.

[skip appveyor]

* Update Python 3 osx image to xcode8.3 to speed up brew install. 
  The Python 2 osx image remains xcode7.3.

* Have one osx config run in debug mode to improve coverage.

* Only run CMake build tests on two configs to speed up overall build.

  The CMake tests take ~30 seconds on each configuration, but we really 
  only need to them to run on two: one on Linux and one on macOS. This
  mirrors the recent change on AppVeyor.

* Merge the style/docs/pip tests with the barebones build.

* Merge 32-bit and CMake install configurations.

  This removes clang 3.9 from testing, but there are already 3 other clang 
  versions being tested on Travis and the new xcode8.3 image should be 
  close to clang 3.9.

[skip appveyor]

[skip ci]

Fixes #1061.

`T` and `const T &` are compatible types.

Closes #1048, closes #1052.

[skip ci]

[skip ci]

PR #880 changed the implementation of keep_alive to avoid weak
references when the nurse is pybind11-registered, but the documentation
didn't get updated to match.

[skip ci]