This also matches the Eigen example for the row-major case.

This also enhances one of the tests to trigger a failure (and fixes it in the PR).  (This isn't really a flaw in pybind itself, but rather fixes wrong code in the test code and docs).

The entire test file is already marked as requiring numpy; it isn't
needed on the individual test.

`PyArray_DescrConverter_` doesn't steal a reference to the argument,
and so the passed arguments shouldn't be `.release()`d.

`type_descr` is now applied only to the final signature so that it only
marks the argument types, but not nested types (e.g. for tuples) or
return types.

MSCV does not allow `&typeid(T)` in constexpr contexts, but the string
part of the type signature can still be constexpr. In order to avoid
`typeid` as long as possible, `descr` is modified to collect type
information as template parameters instead of constexpr `typeid`.
The actual `std::type_info` pointers are only collected in the end,
as a `constexpr` (gcc/clang) or regular (MSVC) function call.

Not only does it significantly reduce binary size on MSVC, gcc/clang
benefit a little bit as well, since they can skip some intermediate
`std::type_info*` arrays.

The current C++14 constexpr signatures don't require relaxed constexpr,
but only `auto` return type deduction. To get around this in C++11,
the type caster's `name()` static member functions are turned into
`static constexpr auto` variables.

When Travis changes their default Python 3.x, it breaks any hardcoded
version selection. Fix: make pyenv activate everything (2.7, 3.x) and
use whichever Python 3.x is on by default.

[skip appveyor]

* Expand documentation to include explicit example of py::module::import 
  where one would expect it.

* Describe how to use unbound and bound methods to class Python classes.

[skip ci]

E.g. trying to convert a `list` to a `std::vector<int>` without
including <pybind11/stl.h> will now raise an error with a note that
suggests checking the headers.

The note is only appended if `std::` is found in the function
signature. This should only be the case when a header is missing.
E.g. when stl.h is included, the signature would contain `List[int]`
instead of `std::vector<int>` while using stl_bind.h would produce
something like `MyVector`. Similarly for `std::map`/`Dict`, `complex`,
`std::function`/`Callable`, etc.

There's a possibility for false positives, but it's pretty low.

Fixes #1069.

Fixes #1075.

`PyNumber_Float()` and `PyNumber_Long()` return new references.

To avoid an ODR violation in the test suite while testing
both `stl.h` and `std_bind.h` with `std::vector<bool>`,
the `py::bind_vector<std::vector<bool>>` test is moved to
the secondary module (which does not include `stl.h`).

[skip appveyor]

This runs the most basic tests first and avoids waiting until the very
end for style checks.

[skip appveyor]

* Update Python 3 osx image to xcode8.3 to speed up brew install. 
  The Python 2 osx image remains xcode7.3.

* Have one osx config run in debug mode to improve coverage.

* Only run CMake build tests on two configs to speed up overall build.

  The CMake tests take ~30 seconds on each configuration, but we really 
  only need to them to run on two: one on Linux and one on macOS. This
  mirrors the recent change on AppVeyor.

* Merge the style/docs/pip tests with the barebones build.

* Merge 32-bit and CMake install configurations.

  This removes clang 3.9 from testing, but there are already 3 other clang 
  versions being tested on Travis and the new xcode8.3 image should be 
  close to clang 3.9.

[skip appveyor]

[skip ci]

Fixes #1061.

`T` and `const T &` are compatible types.

Closes #1048, closes #1052.

[skip ci]

[skip ci]

PR #880 changed the implementation of keep_alive to avoid weak
references when the nurse is pybind11-registered, but the documentation
didn't get updated to match.

[skip ci]

Fixes #1046.

[skip ci]

There are two separate additions:

1. `py::hash(obj)` is equivalent to the Python `hash(obj)`.
2. `.def(hash(py::self))` registers the hash function defined by
   `std::hash<T>` as the Python hash function.

The warning is shown at module initialization time (on import, not
when the functions are called). It's only visible when compiled in
debug mode.