Enable type-safe interoperability between different independent Python/C++ bindings systems. (#5296)

* `self.__cpp_transporter__()` proof of concept: Enable passing C++ pointers across extensions even if the `PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION`s do not match.

* Include cleanup (mainly to resolve PyPy build failures).

* Fix clang-tidy errors.

* Resolve `error: extra

* factor out platform_abi_id.h from internals.h (no functional changes)

* factor out internals_version.h from internals.h (no functional changes)

* Update CMakeLists.txt, tests/extra_python_package/test_files.py

* Revert "factor out internals_version.h from internals.h (no functional changes)"

This reverts commit 3ccea8cd4302cfaf2b6842f77ee3a2eefd61182a.

* Remove internals_version.h from CMakeLists.txt, tests/extra_python_package/test_files.py

* `.__cpp_transporter__()` implementation: compare `pybind11_platform_abi_id`, `cpp_typeid_name`

* Add PremiumTraveler

* Rename test_cpp_transporter_traveler_type.h -> test_cpp_transporter_traveler_types.h

* Expand tests: `PremiumTraveler`, `get_points()`

* Shuffle order of tests (no real changes).

* Move `__cpp_transporter__` lambda to `py::cpp_transporter()` regular function.

* Use `type_caster_generic::load(self)` instead of `cast<T *>(self)`

* Pass `const std::type_info *` via `py::capsule` (instead of `cpp_typeid_name`).

* Make platform_abi_id.h completely stand-alone.

* rename exo_planet.cpp -> exo_planet_pybind11.cpp

* Add exo_planet_c_api.cpp (incomplete).

* Fix silly oversight (wrong filename in `#include`).

* Resolve clang-tidy errors:

```
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/exo_planet_c_api.cpp:10:18: error: 'wrapGetLuggage' is a static definition in anonymous namespace; static is redundant here [readability-static-definition-in-anonymous-namespace,-warnings-as-errors]
   10 | static PyObject *wrapGetLuggage(PyObject *, PyObject *) { return PyUnicode_FromString("TODO"); }
      | ~~~~~~           ^
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/exo_planet_c_api.cpp:14:20: error: 'ThisMethodDef' is a static definition in anonymous namespace; static is redundant here [readability-static-definition-in-anonymous-namespace,-warnings-as-errors]
   14 | static PyMethodDef ThisMethodDef[]
      | ~~~~~~             ^
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/exo_planet_c_api.cpp:17:27: error: 'ThisModuleDef' is a static definition in anonymous namespace; static is redundant here [readability-static-definition-in-anonymous-namespace,-warnings-as-errors]
   17 | static struct PyModuleDef ThisModuleDef = {
      | ~~~~~~                    ^
```

* Implement exo_planet_c_api GetLuggage(), GetPoints()

* Move new code from test_cpp_transporter_traveler_bindings.h to pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h, under the name `class_dunder_cpp_transporter()`

* Fix oversight.

* Unconditionally add `__cpp_transporter__` method to all `py::class_` objects, but do not include that magic method in docstring signatures.

* Back out pybind11/detail/platform_abi_id.h for now. Maximizing reusability can be handled separately, later.

* Small cleanup.

* Restore and add to `test_call_cpp_transporter_*()`

* Ensure https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/3788 does not bite again.

* `class_dunder_cpp_transporter()`: replace `obj.cast<std::string>()` with `std::string(obj)`

* Add (simple) copyright notices in all newly added files.

* Globally replace cpp_transporter with cpp_conduit

* style: pre-commit fixes

* IWYU fixes

* Rename `class_dunder_cpp_conduit()` -> `cpp_conduit_method()`

* Change `pybind11_platform_abi_id`, `pointer_kind` argument types from `str` to `bytes`.

This avoids the unicode decode/encode roundtrips:

* More robust (no decode/encode errors).

* Minor runtime optimization.

* Systematically rename `cap_cpp_type_info` -> `cpp_type_info_capsule` (no functional changes).

* Systematically replace `cpp_type_info_capsule` `name`: `"const std::type_info *"` -> `typeid(std::type_info).name()` (this IS a functional change).

This provides an extra layer of protection against C++ ABI mismatches:

* The first and most important layer is that the `PYBIND11_PLATFORM_ABI_ID`s must match between extensions.

* The second layer is that the `typeid(std::type_info).name()`s must match between extensions.

* Fix sort order accident in tests/CMakeLists.txt

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Aaron Gokaslan <aaronGokaslan@gmail.com>

* style: pre-commit fixes

* refactor: rename to _pybind_conduit_v1_

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* Add test_home_planet_wrap_very_lonely_traveler(), test_exo_planet_pybind11_wrap_very_lonely_traveler()

* Resolve clang-tidy errors:

```
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cpp_conduit_traveler_bindings.h:39:32: error: parameter 'm' is passed by value and only copied once; consider moving it to avoid unnecessary copies [performance-unnecessary-value-param,-warnings-as-errors]
   10 |     py::class_<LonelyTraveler>(m, "LonelyTraveler");
      |                                ^
      |                                std::move( )
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cpp_conduit_traveler_bindings.h:43:52: error: parameter 'm' is passed by value and only copied once; consider moving it to avoid unnecessary copies [performance-unnecessary-value-param,-warnings-as-errors]
   43 |     py::class_<VeryLonelyTraveler, LonelyTraveler>(m, "VeryLonelyTraveler");
      |                                                    ^
      |                                                    std::move( )
```

---------

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Bumps the actions group with 2 updates: [deadsnakes/action](https://github.com/deadsnakes/action) and [actions/attest-build-provenance](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance).


Updates `deadsnakes/action` from 3.1.0 to 3.2.0
- [Release notes](https://github.com/deadsnakes/action/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/deadsnakes/action/compare/v3.1.0...v3.2.0)

Updates `actions/attest-build-provenance` from 1.4.2 to 1.4.3
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/blob/main/RELEASE.md)
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---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: deadsnakes/action
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
  dependency-group: actions
- dependency-name: actions/attest-build-provenance
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
  dependency-group: actions
...

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* chore(deps): update pre-commit hooks

updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.5.6 → v0.6.3](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.5.6...v0.6.3)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v1.11.1 → v1.11.2](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy/compare/v1.11.1...v1.11.2)
- [github.com/sirosen/texthooks: 0.6.6 → 0.6.7](https://github.com/sirosen/texthooks/compare/0.6.6...0.6.7)
- [github.com/PyCQA/pylint: v3.2.6 → v3.2.7](https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint/compare/v3.2.6...v3.2.7)
- [github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema: 0.29.1 → 0.29.2](https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema/compare/0.29.1...0.29.2)

* style: pre-commit fixes

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

Properly translate C++ exception to Python exception when creating Python buffer from wrapped object (#5324)

* Add test for throwing def_buffer case

* Translate C++ -> Python exceptions in buffer creation

This required a little refactoring to extract exception translation to a separate method

* Fix code formatting

* Fix "unused parameter" warning

* Refactor per review

* style: pre-commit fixes

* Address review comments

* Address review comments

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

fix: using `__cpp_nontype_template_args` instead of `__cpp_nontype_template_parameter_class` (#5330)

* fix: use `__cpp_nontype_template_args` instead of gnu extensions

* fix: add feature test value

* fix: change `PYBIND11_TYPING_H_HAS_STRING_LITERAL` skip reason

Bumps the actions group with 1 update: [actions/attest-build-provenance](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance).


Updates `actions/attest-build-provenance` from 1.4.1 to 1.4.2
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/blob/main/RELEASE.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/compare/310b0a4a3b0b78ef57ecda988ee04b132db73ef8...6149ea5740be74af77f260b9db67e633f6b0a9a1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/attest-build-provenance
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
  dependency-group: actions
...

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* docs: prepare for 2.13.5

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* Update docs/changelog.rst

---------

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* DOC: Clarify requirements for including pybind11

Inherited from requirements for including Python.h

Closes #4999

* style: pre-commit fixes

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix: allow -Wpedantic again

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* tests: ignore pedantic warning for PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* tests: try just turning off pedantic for one file

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* tests: only run pedantic in C++20 mode

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* Update tests/local_bindings.h

---------

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* feat: add `<ranges>` support for `py::tuple` and `py::list`

* fix: format the code

* fix: disable `ranges` in clang < 16

* refactor: move `<ranges>` test macro to `test_pytypes.h`

* refactor: seperate `ranges` test into 3 funcs

* style: compress the if statement

* style: pre-commit fixes

* style: better formatting

---------

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Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix: never use `..` in a header include

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* fix: one more parent include

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

---------

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* fix: Escape paths with spaces in include list from --includes

* fix: --includes should not use shlex on Windows platforms

* Apply suggestions from code review

* fix: use custom impl

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* Support trailing backslashes

Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>

---------

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Markus Bauer <markus.bauer@cispa.saarland>
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>

This reverts commit 8d9f4d50.

Signed-off-by: pwdcd <pwdcd@icloud.com>

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* docs: prepare for 2.13.2

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* Update changelog.rst

* Update changelog.rst

---------

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

Bumps the actions group with 1 update: [actions/attest-build-provenance](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance).


Updates `actions/attest-build-provenance` from 1.4.0 to 1.4.1
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/blob/main/RELEASE.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/compare/210c1913531870065f03ce1f9440dd87bc0938cd...310b0a4a3b0b78ef57ecda988ee04b132db73ef8)

---
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* fix(cmake): add required emscripten flags

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* Update emscripten.yaml

* fix(cmake): add required emscripten flags to headers target

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* fix(cmake): incorrect detection of Emscripten

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* fix(cmake): allow pybind11::headers to be modified

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* fix(cmake): hide a warning when building the tests standalone

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* fix(cmake): use explicit variable for is config

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* fix(cmake): go back to ALIAS target

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* chore: reduce overall diff

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* chore: reduce overall diff

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* chore: shorten code a bit

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

---------

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* Allow specializations based on callback function return values.

* clang-tidy auto fix

* Add a test case for function specialization.

* Add test for callback function that raises Python exception.

* Fix test failures.

* style: pre-commit fixes

* Add `#define PYBIND11_HAS_TYPE_CASTER_STD_FUNCTION_SPECIALIZATIONS`

---------

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updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.5.0 → v0.5.6](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.5.0...v0.5.6)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v1.10.1 → v1.11.1](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy/compare/v1.10.1...v1.11.1)
- [github.com/PyCQA/pylint: v3.2.4 → v3.2.6](https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint/compare/v3.2.4...v3.2.6)
- [github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema: 0.28.6 → 0.29.1](https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema/compare/0.28.6...0.29.1)

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Bumps the actions group with 2 updates: [pypa/cibuildwheel](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel) and [actions/attest-build-provenance](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance).


Updates `pypa/cibuildwheel` from 2.19 to 2.20
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/docs/changelog.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/compare/v2.19...v2.20)

Updates `actions/attest-build-provenance` from 1.3.3 to 1.4.0
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/blob/main/RELEASE.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/compare/5e9cb68e95676991667494a6a4e59b8a2f13e1d0...210c1913531870065f03ce1f9440dd87bc0938cd)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: pypa/cibuildwheel
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
  dependency-group: actions
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* `container: silkeh/clang:18-bookworm` in .github/workflows/format.yml

* clang-tidy auto-fix (trivial, in test only)

* Disable `performance-enum-size` (noisy, low value)

* Temporarily turn off 3 diagnostics (to be tackled one-by-one).

* Add explicit `switch` `default` to resolve clang-tidy `bugprone-switch-missing-default-case`

Debian clang version 18.1.8 (++20240718080534+3b5b5c1ec4a3-1~exp1~20240718200641.143)
Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu

tests/test_numpy_dtypes.cpp:212:5: warning: switching on non-enum value without default case may not cover all cases [bugprone-switch-missing-default-case]

* Add clang-17 and clang-18 testing.

* Add `NOLINTNEXTLINE(clang-analyzer-optin.core.EnumCastOutOfRange)` in test_tagbased_polymorphic.cpp

Debian clang version 18.1.8 (++20240718080534+3b5b5c1ec4a3-1~exp1~20240718200641.143)
Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu

tests/test_tagbased_polymorphic.cpp:77:40: warning: The value '150' provided to the cast expression is not in the valid range of values for 'Kind' [clang-analyzer-optin.core.EnumCastOutOfRange]

* Fix inconsistent pybind11/eigen/tensor.h behavior:

This existing comment in pybind11/eigen/tensor.h

```
                // move, take_ownership don't make any sense for a ref/map:
```

is at odds with the `delete src;` three lines up.

In real-world client code `take_ownership` will not exist (unless the client code is untested and unused). I.e. the `delete` is essentially only useful to avoid leaks in the pybind11 unit tests.

While upgrading to clang-tidy 18, the warning below appeared. Apparently it is produced during LTO, and it appears difficult to suppress. Regardless, the best way to resolve this is to remove the `delete` and to simply make the test objects `static` in the unit test code.

________

Debian clang version 18.1.8 (++20240718080534+3b5b5c1ec4a3-1~exp1~20240718200641.143)
Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
________

```
lto-wrapper: warning: using serial compilation of 3 LTRANS jobs
lto-wrapper: note: see the ‘-flto’ option documentation for more information
In function ‘cast_impl’,
    inlined from ‘cast’ at /mounted_pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen/tensor.h:414:25,
    inlined from ‘operator()’ at /mounted_pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen/../pybind11.h:296:40,
    inlined from ‘_FUN’ at /mounted_pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen/../pybind11.h:267:21:
/mounted_pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen/tensor.h:475:17: warning: ‘operator delete’ called on unallocated object ‘<anonymous>’ [-Wfree-nonheap-object]
  475 |                 delete src;
      |                 ^
/mounted_pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen/../pybind11.h: In function ‘_FUN’:
/mounted_pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen/../pybind11.h:297:75: note: declared here
  297 |                     std::move(args_converter).template call<Return, Guard>(cap->f),
      |                                                                           ^
```

* Disable `bugprone-chained-comparison`: this clang-tidy check is incompatible with the Catch2 `REQUIRE` macro (26 warnings like the one below).
________

Debian clang version 18.1.8 (++20240718080534+3b5b5c1ec4a3-1~exp1~20240718200641.143)
Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
________

```
/mounted_pybind11/tests/test_embed/test_interpreter.cpp:127:9: warning: chained comparison 'v0 <= v1 == v2' may generate unintended results, use parentheses to specify order of evaluation or a logical operator to separate comparison expressions [bugprone-chained-comparison]
  127 |         REQUIRE(ret == 42);
      |         ^
/build/tests/catch/catch.hpp:17670:24: note: expanded from macro 'REQUIRE'
 17670 | #define REQUIRE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "REQUIRE", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__  )
       |                        ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/build/tests/catch/catch.hpp:2710:47: note: expanded from macro 'INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST'
 2710 |             catchAssertionHandler.handleExpr( Catch::Decomposer() <= __VA_ARGS__ ); \
      |                                               ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/mounted_pybind11/tests/test_embed/test_interpreter.cpp:127:9: note: operand 'v0' is here
  127 |         REQUIRE(ret == 42);
      |         ^
/build/tests/catch/catch.hpp:17670:24: note: expanded from macro 'REQUIRE'
 17670 | #define REQUIRE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "REQUIRE", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__  )
       |                        ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/build/tests/catch/catch.hpp:2710:47: note: expanded from macro 'INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST'
 2710 |             catchAssertionHandler.handleExpr( Catch::Decomposer() <= __VA_ARGS__ ); \
      |                                               ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/mounted_pybind11/tests/test_embed/test_interpreter.cpp:127:17: note: operand 'v1' is here
  127 |         REQUIRE(ret == 42);
      |                 ^
/build/tests/catch/catch.hpp:17670:90: note: expanded from macro 'REQUIRE'
 17670 | #define REQUIRE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "REQUIRE", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__  )
       |                                                                                          ^~~~~~~~~~~
/build/tests/catch/catch.hpp:2710:70: note: expanded from macro 'INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST'
 2710 |             catchAssertionHandler.handleExpr( Catch::Decomposer() <= __VA_ARGS__ ); \
      |                                                                      ^~~~~~~~~~~
/mounted_pybind11/tests/test_embed/test_interpreter.cpp:127:24: note: operand 'v2' is here
  127 |         REQUIRE(ret == 42);
      |                        ^
/build/tests/catch/catch.hpp:17670:90: note: expanded from macro 'REQUIRE'
 17670 | #define REQUIRE( ... ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( "REQUIRE", Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal, __VA_ARGS__  )
       |                                                                                          ^~~~~~~~~~~
/build/tests/catch/catch.hpp:2710:70: note: expanded from macro 'INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST'
 2710 |             catchAssertionHandler.handleExpr( Catch::Decomposer() <= __VA_ARGS__ ); \
      |                                                                      ^~~~~~~~~~~
```

* Add 8 `// NOLINT(bugprone-empty-catch)`

* Resolve clang-tidy `bugprone-multi-level-implicit-pointer-conversion` warnings.
________
Debian clang version 18.1.8 (++20240718080534+3b5b5c1ec4a3-1~exp1~20240718200641.143)
Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
________
```
pybind11/detail/internals.h:556:53: warning: multilevel pointer conversion from 'internals **' to 'const void *', please use explicit cast [bugprone-multi-level-implicit-pointer-conversion]

pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h:431:20: warning: multilevel pointer conversion from 'void **' to 'void *', please use explicit cast [bugprone-multi-level-implicit-pointer-conversion]

pybind11/numpy.h:904:81: warning: multilevel pointer conversion from '_object *const *' to 'const void *', please use explicit cast [bugprone-multi-level-implicit-pointer-conversion]
pybind11/numpy.h:1989:39: warning: multilevel pointer conversion from 'typename vectorize_arg<const double *>::type *' (aka 'const double **') to 'void *', please use explicit cast [bugprone-multi-level-implicit-pointer-conversion]
pybind11/numpy.h:1989:39: warning: multilevel pointer conversion from 'typename vectorize_arg<const VectorizeTestClass *>::type *' (aka 'const VectorizeTestClass **') to 'void *', please use explicit cast [bugprone-multi-level-implicit-pointer-conversion]

pybind11/stl/filesystem.h:75:44: warning: multilevel pointer conversion from 'PyObject **' (aka '_object **') to 'void *', please use explicit cast [bugprone-multi-level-implicit-pointer-conversion]
pybind11/stl/filesystem.h:83:42: warning: multilevel pointer conversion from 'PyObject **' (aka '_object **') to 'void *', please use explicit cast [bugprone-multi-level-implicit-pointer-conversion]
```

* Introduce `PYBIND11_REINTERPRET_CAST_VOID_PTR_IF_NOT_PYPY` to resolve PyPy build errors:

```
In file included from /Users/runner/work/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_stl.cpp:18:
/Users/runner/work/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl/filesystem.h:75:17: error: no matching function for call to 'PyPyUnicode_FSConverter'
            if (PyUnicode_FSConverter(buf, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&native)) != 0) {
                ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/Users/runner/hostedtoolcache/PyPy/3.10.14/x64/include/pypy3.10/pypy_decl.h:969:31: note: expanded from macro 'PyUnicode_FSConverter'
                              ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/Users/runner/hostedtoolcache/PyPy/3.10.14/x64/include/pypy3.10/pypy_decl.h:970:17: note: candidate function not viable: cannot convert argument of incomplete type 'void *' to 'struct _object **' for 2nd argument
PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyUnicode_FSConverter(struct _object *arg0, struct _object **arg1);
                ^
/Users/runner/hostedtoolcache/PyPy/3.10.14/x64/include/pypy3.10/pypy_decl.h:969:31: note: expanded from macro 'PyUnicode_FSConverter'
                              ^
In file included from /Users/runner/work/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_stl.cpp:18:
/Users/runner/work/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl/filesystem.h:83:17: error: no matching function for call to 'PyPyUnicode_FSDecoder'
            if (PyUnicode_FSDecoder(buf, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&native)) != 0) {
                ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/Users/runner/hostedtoolcache/PyPy/3.10.14/x64/include/pypy3.10/pypy_decl.h:971:29: note: expanded from macro 'PyUnicode_FSDecoder'
                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/Users/runner/hostedtoolcache/PyPy/3.10.14/x64/include/pypy3.10/pypy_decl.h:972:17: note: candidate function not viable: cannot convert argument of incomplete type 'void *' to 'struct _object **' for 2nd argument
PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyUnicode_FSDecoder(struct _object *arg0, struct _object **arg1);
                ^
/Users/runner/hostedtoolcache/PyPy/3.10.14/x64/include/pypy3.10/pypy_decl.h:971:29: note: expanded from macro 'PyUnicode_FSDecoder'
                            ^
```

* clang-tidy auto-fix

* Fix silly oversight.

* Fix typo.

* Remove outdated known limitation.

See #5179.

* Factor out detail/value_and_holder.h (from detail/type_caster_base.h)

This is in support of PR #5213:

* trampoline_self_life_support.h depends on value_and_holder.h

* type_caster_base.h depends on trampoline_self_life_support.h

* Fix a minor and inconsequential inconsistency in `copyable_holder_caster`: the correct `load_value()` return type is `void` (as defined in `type_caster_generic`)

For easy future reference, this is the long-standing inconsistency:

* https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/blob/dbf848aff7c37ef8798bc9459a86193e28b1032f/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h#L634

* https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/blob/dbf848aff7c37ef8798bc9459a86193e28b1032f/include/pybind11/cast.h#L797

Noticed in passing while working on PR #5213.

* Add `DANGER ZONE` comment in detail/init.h, similar to a comment added on the smart_holder branch (all the way back in 2021).

* tests: run on pyodide

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* ci: use cibuildwheel for pyodide test

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* tests: revert changes to test_embed

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

---------

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

This follows up on PR 5148, which introduced support for free-threaded CPython.

* fix: Make gil_safe_call_once thread-safe in free-threaded CPython

The "is_initialized_" flags is not protected by the GIL in free-threaded
Python, so it needs to be an atomic field.

Fixes #5245

* style: pre-commit fixes

* Apply changes from code review

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

Bumps the actions group with 1 update: [actions/attest-build-provenance](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance).


Updates `actions/attest-build-provenance` from 1.3.2 to 1.3.3
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/blob/main/RELEASE.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/attest-build-provenance/compare/bdd51370e0416ac948727f861e03c2f05d32d78e...5e9cb68e95676991667494a6a4e59b8a2f13e1d0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/attest-build-provenance
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
  dependency-group: actions
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

Bumps [certifi](https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi) from 2024.2.2 to 2024.7.4.
- [Commits](https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/compare/2024.02.02...2024.07.04)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: certifi
  dependency-type: indirect
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Use PyMutex instead of std::mutex in free-threaded build.

PyMutex is now part of the public C API as of 3.13.0b3 and generally has
slightly less overhead than std::mutex.

* style: pre-commit fixes

* Fix instance_map_shard padding

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

updates:
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format: v18.1.5 → v18.1.8](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format/compare/v18.1.5...v18.1.8)
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.4.7 → v0.5.0](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.4.7...v0.5.0)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v1.10.0 → v1.10.1](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy/compare/v1.10.0...v1.10.1)
- [github.com/adamchainz/blacken-docs: 1.16.0 → 1.18.0](https://github.com/adamchainz/blacken-docs/compare/1.16.0...1.18.0)
- [github.com/PyCQA/pylint: v3.2.2 → v3.2.4](https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint/compare/v3.2.2...v3.2.4)
- [github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema: 0.28.4 → 0.28.6](https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema/compare/0.28.4...0.28.6)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>