This PR brings the std::array<> caster in sync with the other STL type
casters: to accept an arbitrary sequence as input (rather than a list,
which is too restrictive).

Add a detailed link to Python 3 documentation.  Add a caveat about
the program terminating if initializing the interpreter fails.

* Issue #1532: Incompatible config options, /MP vs /Gm for MSVC in DEBUG

* Fix for Issue #1258

list_caster::load method will now check for a Python string and prevent its automatic conversion to a list.
This should fix the issue "pybind11/stl.h converts string to vector<string> #1258" (https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/1258)

* Added tests for fix of issue #1258

* Changelog: stl string auto-conversion

* Update iostream.h: Changed a local varname 'self' to 'self_'

Avoiding conflicts in namespace pybind11::self.
https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/1531

* Fix potential crash when calling an overloaded function

The crash would occur if:
- dispatcher() uses two-pass logic (because the target is overloaded and some arguments support conversions)
- the first pass (with conversions disabled) doesn't find any matching overload
- the second pass does find a matching overload, but its return value can't be converted to Python

The code for formatting the error message assumed `it` still pointed to the selected overload,
but during the second-pass loop `it` was nullptr. Fix by setting `it` correctly if a second-pass
call returns a nullptr `handle`. Add a new test that segfaults without this fix.

* Make overload iteration const-correct so we don't have to iterate again on second-pass error

* Change test_error_after_conversions dependencies to local classes/variables

* Info about inconsistent detection of Python version between pybind11 and CMake in FAQ

This commit addresses an inefficiency in how enums are created in
pybind11. Most of the enum_<> implementation is completely generic --
however, being a template class, it ended up instantiating vast amounts
of essentially identical code in larger projects with many enums.

This commit introduces a generic non-templated helper class that is
compatible with any kind of enumeration. enum_ then becomes a thin
wrapper around this new class.

The new enum_<> API is designed to be 100% compatible with the old one.

object_api::operator[] has a powerful overload for py::handle that can
accept slices, tuples (for NumPy), etc.

Lists, sequences, and tuples provide their own specialized operator[],
which unfortunately disables this functionality. This is accidental, and
the purpose of this commit is to re-enable the more general behavior.

This commit is tangentially related to the previous one in that it makes
py::handle/py::object et al. behave more like their Python counterparts.

This commit revamps the object_api class so that it maps most C++
operators to their Python analogs. This makes it possible to, e.g.
perform arithmetic using a py::int_ or py::array.

* check for already existing enum value added; added test

* added enum value name to exception message

* test for defining enum with multiple identical names moved to test_enum.cpp/py

* VS 15.8.0 Preview 4.0 has a bug with alias templates

pybind11 headers passed via the `pybind11_add_module` CMake
function can now be included as `SYSTEM` includes (`-isystem`).

This allows to set stricter (or experimental) warnings in
calling projects that might throw otherwise in headers
a user of pybind11 can not influence.

builds against a python debug library were unreliable and
could lead to symbol errors during linking.

Setting the `Py_DEBUG` define is necessary when linking
against a debug build:

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39161202/how-to-work-around-missing-pymodule-create2-in-amd64-win-python35-d-lib

https://docs.python.org/2/c-api/intro.html#debugging-builds

https://docs.python.org/3.6/c-api/intro.html#debugging-builds

This PR adds a new py::ellipsis() method which can be used in
conjunction with NumPy's generalized slicing support. For instance,
the following is now valid (where "a" is a NumPy array):

py::array b = a[py::make_tuple(0, py::ellipsis(), 0)];

Catch v2 changed the `run(...)` signature to take a `char *argv[]`,
arguing partly that technically a `char *argv[]` type is the correct
`main()` signature rather than `const char *argv[]`.

Dropping the `const` here doesn't appear to cause any problems with
catch v1 (tested against both the cmake-downloaded 1.9.3 and Debian's
1.12.1 package) so we can follow suit.

* stl.h: propagate return value policies to type-specific casters

Return value policies for containers like those handled in in 'stl.h'
are currently broken.

The problem is that detail::return_value_policy_override<C>::policy()
always returns 'move' when given a non-pointer/reference type, e.g.
'std::vector<...>'.

This is sensible behavior for custom types that are exposed via
'py::class_<>', but it does not make sense for types that are handled by
other type casters (STL containers, Eigen matrices, etc.).

This commit changes the behavior so that
detail::return_value_policy_override only becomes active when the type
caster derives from type_caster_generic.

Furthermore, the override logic is called recursively in STL type
casters to enable key/value-specific behavior.

Switching deprecated Thread Local Storage (TLS) usage in Python 3.7 to Thread Specific Storage (TSS) (#1454)

* Switching deprecated Thread Local Storage (TLS) usage in Python 3.7 to Thread Specific Storage (TSS)

* Changing Python version from 3.6 to 3.7 for Travis CI, to match brew's version of Python 3

* Introducing PYBIND11_ macros to switch between TLS and TSS API

The current code requires implicitly that integral types are cast-able to floating point. In case of strongly-typed integrals (e.g. as explained at http://www.ilikebigbits.com/blog/2014/5/6/type-safe-identifiers-in-c) this is not always the case.

This commit uses SFINAE to move the numeric conversions into separate `cast()` implementations to avoid the issue.

* Silence GCC8's -Wcast-function-type.

See https://bugs.python.org/issue33012 and PRs linked therein.