This is a conservative change, in that it only contains bugfixes and allows new patterns that used to be compile errors.  There are other changes we would like to make (as reflected in the comments in char_formatting_test.cc), but we are being careful about the implications of such behavior changes.

The two implementation changes are:
* Apply integral promotions to enums before printing them, so they are always treated as integers (and not chars) by StrCat and StrFormat.
* Classify `unsigned char` and `signed char` as integer-like rather than char-like, so that `StrFormat("%v", v)` accepts those types as integers (consistent with `StrCat()`.)

The behavior changes are:
* StrCat() now accepts char-backed enums (rather than failing to compile).
* StrFormat("%v") now accepts `signed char` and `unsigned char` as integral (rather than failing to compile).
* StrFormat("%v") now correctly formats 8-bit enums as integers (rather than failing internally and emitting nothing).

Tested:
  Modified the char_formatting_test.cc case to reflect changes.
  Re-ran all other tests.
PiperOrigin-RevId: 539659674
Change-Id: Ief56335f5a57e4582af396d00eaa9e7b6be4ddc6