Improve function signatures for IDEs and static analysis tools

Example signatures (old => new):
  foo(int) => foo(arg0: int)
  bar(Object, int) => bar(self: Object, arg0: int)

The change makes the signatures uniform for named and unnamed arguments
and it helps static analysis tools reconstruct function signatures from
docstrings.

This also tweaks the signature whitespace style to better conform to
PEP 8 for annotations and default arguments:
  " : " => ": "
  " = " => "="

*Really* fix enumeration indices

Eigen support for special matrix objects

Functions returning specialized Eigen matrices like Eigen::DiagonalMatrix and
Eigen::SelfAdjointView--which inherit from EigenBase but not
DenseBase--isn't currently allowed; such classes are explicitly copyable
into a Matrix (by definition), and so we can support functions that
return them by copying the value into a Matrix then casting that
resulting dense Matrix into a numpy.ndarray.  This commit does exactly
that.

Fix eigen copying of non-standard stride values

Fix scoped enums and add scoped enum example

Some Eigen objects, such as those returned by matrix.diagonal() and
matrix.block() have non-standard stride values because they are
basically just maps onto the underlying matrix without copying it (for
example, the primary diagonal of a 3x3 matrix is a vector-like object
with .src equal to the full matrix data, but with stride 4).  Returning
such an object from a pybind11 method breaks, however, because pybind11
assumes vectors have stride 1, and that matrices have strides equal to
the number of rows/columns or 1 (depending on whether the matrix is
stored column-major or row-major).

This commit fixes the issue by making pybind11 use Eigen's stride
methods when copying the data.

This makes the Python interface mirror the C++ interface:
pybind11-exported scoped enums aren't directly comparable to the
underlying integer values.

PR #309 broke scoped enums, which failed to compile because the added:

    value == value2

comparison isn't valid for a scoped enum (they aren't implicitly
convertible to the underlying type).  This commit fixes it by
explicitly converting the enum value to its underlying type before
doing the comparison.

It also adds a scoped enum example to the constants-and-functions
example that triggers the problem fixed in this commit.

Add support for Eigen::Ref<...> function arguments

Eigen::Ref is a common way to pass eigen dense types without needing a
template, e.g. the single definition `void
func(Eigen::Ref<Eigen::MatrixXd> x)` can be called with any double
matrix-like object.

The current pybind11 eigen support fails with internal errors if
attempting to bind a function with an Eigen::Ref<...> argument because
Eigen::Ref<...> satisfies the "is_eigen_dense" requirement, but can't
compile if actually used: Eigen::Ref<...> itself is not default
constructible, and so the argument std::tuple containing an
Eigen::Ref<...> isn't constructible, which results in compilation
failure.

This commit adds support for Eigen::Ref<...> by giving it its own
type_caster implementation which consists of an internal type_caster of
the referenced type, load/cast methods that dispatch to the internal
type_caster, and a unique_ptr to an Eigen::Ref<> instance that gets
set during load().

There is, of course, no performance advantage for pybind11-using code of
using Eigen::Ref<...>--we are allocating a matrix of the derived type
when loading it--but this has the advantage of allowing pybind11 to bind
transparently to C++ methods taking Eigen::Refs.

Fix zero valued enum comparison error

Enable comparisons between enums and their underlying types

Mark pybind11 include dir as PRIVATE to avoid a CMake error message.

Improve CI test coverage: eigen, numpy and C++14

Changes accessor::operator=() to throw error_already_set() instead of using pybind11_fail().

Mark the pybind11 headers as private to the target.

Fixes #305

PyObject_SetItem and PyObject_SetAttr both throws an exception on
failure so this will show the underlying exception instead of masking
it.

Fixes #303.

Rename examples files, as per #288

This renames example files from `exampleN` to `example-description`.

Specifically, the following renaming is applied:

example1 -> example-methods-and-attributes
example2 -> example-python-types
example3 -> example-operator-overloading
example4 -> example-constants-and-functions
example5 -> example-callbacks (*)
example6 -> example-sequence-and-iterators
example7 -> example-buffers
example8 -> example-custom-ref-counting
example9 -> example-modules
example10 -> example-numpy-vectorize
example11 -> example-arg-keywords-and-defaults
example12 -> example-virtual-functions
example13 -> example-keep-alive
example14 -> example-opaque-types
example15 -> example-pickling
example16 -> example-inheritance
example17 -> example-stl-binders
example18 -> example-eval
example19 -> example-custom-exceptions

* the inheritance parts of example5 are moved into example-inheritance
(previously example16), and the remainder is left as example-callbacks.

This commit also renames the internal variables ("Example1",
"Example2", "Example4", etc.) into non-numeric names ("ExampleMandA",
"ExamplePythonTypes", "ExampleWithEnum", etc.) to correspond to the
file renaming.

The order of tests is preserved, but this can easily be changed if
there is some more natural ordering by updating the list in
examples/CMakeLists.txt.

Fix #283: don't print first arg of constructor